Different definitions of the concept of
intelligence have been expressed in diverse sciences. In this
paper, the concept of intelligence will be described by means
of philosophy, psychology and artificial intelligence. Based
on the definitions offered, the main components of
intelligence will be extracted and then the relationship
between elements and components will be explained.
According to the extracted elements and the relationship of
them, an ontology of intelligence will be proposed. It is
formed three parts of interactive signals, memory and
mental activity. Interactive signals interpret five sensory
signals and also process of perception in which a model is
offered for the process of perception. Kinds of memory and
their hierarchy as well as activities that are performed by
the mind will be described in parts of memory and mental
activities, respectively. Based on the proposed ontology, a
new conceptual model for mental activity will be suggested.
According to the suggested model, autonomous agent
behaviors would be described.
Fatemeh Yousefian : Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch
Tehran, Iran.
Hayedeh Saberi : Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen Branch
Roudehen, Iran.
Touraj Banirostam : Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch
Tehran, Iran.
Intelligence
Conceptual Model
Ontologies
Perception Model
Different definitions of intelligence as well as related
parts for doing mental activities such as interactive
signals, memory and mental activities were described. In
part of interactive signals, method of perception process
was stated and following that, a model was suggested. In
part of memory, different kinds of memory and role of
their hierarchy in mind were considered. Moreover,
important mental activities of intelligence were expressed
such as decision-making, reasoning, thinking, planning,
conceptualization, imagination, compatibility, judgment
and learning (activities which have been noted in most of
definitions).
[1] G. Ben, The Structure of Intelligence A New
Mathematical Model of Mind, Springer, 1993.
[2] L. David, ”Introduction to the Special Section on
Cognitive Abilities: 100 Years After Spearman’s
(1904) “‘General Intelligence,’ Objectively
Determined and Measured”, Journal of Personality
and Psychology, Vol. 86, No. 1, 2004, pp. 96-111.
[3] U. Neisser, G. Boodoo, J.B. Thomas, A.W. Boykin,
D.F. Halpern, J.C. Loehlin, R. Perloff, R. Sternberg
and S. Urbina, ”intelligence: Known and Unknown”,
American Psychologist, Vol. 51, No. 2, 1996, pp. 77-
101.
[4] P. Lanz,”The concept of intelligence in Psychology
and Philosophy”, Adaptive Behavior and Intelligent
Systems without Symbols and Logic, Vol. 1, 2000, pp.
19-30.
[5] S. Legg and M. Hutter, ’’A Collection of Definitions
of Intelligence”, Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and
applications, Vol. 157, 2007, pp. 17-24.
[6] L. S. Gottfredson, “Mainstream science on
intelligence: An editorial with 52 signatories, history,
and bibliography”, Intelligence, Vol. 24, No. 1, 1997,
pp.13–23.
[7] H. Cruse, his book Metaphors of Mind Conceptions of
the Nature of Intelligence. In this book Stemberg tries
to explain the variety of theories about the nature of
intelligence by invoking the hypothesis that
metaphors, of which there are many, serve as the
foundations for theories of intelligence. The upshot is
rather discouraging: There are theories, but they lack
empirical support, Prerational Intelligence: Adaptive
Behavior and Intelligent Systems Without Symbols
and Logic, Volume 1, Volume 2 Prerational
Intelligence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the
Behavior of Natural and Artificial Systems, Springer
Science & Business Media, 2013.
[8] M. Minsky, "The society of mind", In The Personalist
Forum, 1987, pp. 19-32.
[9] R. J. Sternberg, Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge
University Press, 2000.
[10] A. Anastasi. “What counselors should know about the
use and interpretation of psychological tests”, Journal
of Counseling and Development, Vol. 70, No. 5, 1992,
pp.610–615.
[11] R. Steinmayr and B. Spinath, ”Intelligence as a
potential moderator in the internal/external frame of
reference model An exploratory analysis”, Journal for Educational Research, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2015, pp. 198-
218.
[12] Zh. Zhao and F. Rauner, areas of vocational Eduction
research, springer, 2014.
[13] R. Sternberg, “Intelligence”, Dialogues in Clinical
Neuroscience, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2012, pp. 19-27.
[14] J. Friedenberg and G. Silverman, Cognitive Science-
An Introduction study of mind, SAGE, 2006.
[15] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason#
Reason_compared_to_related_concepts,Accessed Nov,
2015.
[16] T. Banirostam, K. Mirzai and M. Fesharaki, ”a
conceptual model for ontology based learning”,
International Journal of Research in Computer
Science, Vol. 2, No. 6, 2012, pp. 1-6.
[17] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision-making,
2015/11
[18] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought, Accessed Nov,
2015.
[19] J. Zhou, L. Jin and SH. Han, ”undefined hierarchical
iterate model of human conceptualization and
cognition”, 8th IEEE conference on cognitive
Informatics, 2009, Vol. 9, pp. 44-51.
[20] http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/imagination,
Accessed Nov, 2015.
[21] http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/imagination,
Accessed Nov, 2015.
[22] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagination, Accessed
Nov, 2015.
[23] http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/
judgment, Accessed Nov, 2015.
[24] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgement, Accessed
Nov, 2015.
[25] -http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/judgment,
Accessed Nov, 2015.